UN 0028 — Black powder, compressed

Black powder, compressed, identified by UN number 0028, is an explosive solid used in various applications, including firearms and fireworks. It is classified as a DOT Class 1 material due to its mass explosion hazard. First responders may encounter black powder, compressed, during transportation accidents or fires at facilities where it is stored or used. The scale of production and transport of black powder is significant, with potential risks to responders and the public if not handled properly. Black powder is also known as gunpowder, black powder explosive, or powder, smokeless substitute. Its industrial uses include applications in ammunition, pyrotechnics, and other explosive products.

Hazard overview: Black powder, compressed, poses a mass explosion hazard, with the entire load potentially detonating simultaneously. This can result in severe blast overpressure and fragmentation. The substance is sensitive to heat, shock, and friction, increasing the risk of explosion. Secondary fire and debris hazards are also significant concerns. While specific toxicity values such as LC50 or IDLH are not provided for black powder, the explosive nature of the substance dictates extreme caution. The vapor density of black powder is not applicable due to its solid state at room temperature. In a worst-case scenario, first responders may face significant risks from explosions involving black powder.

Response guidance: In the event of a black powder spill or leak, it is essential to establish a large isolation zone, with a minimum distance of 500 meters in all directions, and to stage upwind, uphill, limiting personnel to essential responders only. The isolation distance should be increased to 800 meters if there is a fire or if the contents are exposed, and evacuation should be considered. The correct suppression agent for black powder fires is dry chemical or sand; water should not be used on burning material, but may be used from a distance on exposures. Decontamination procedures should be followed, and CHEMTREC should be contacted for guidance. Evacuation zones should be established based on the size of the spill and the potential for explosion.

Firefighter training notes: First responders should be trained to recognize the hazards of black powder, compressed, including its explosive nature and potential for mass explosion. A critical tactical error to avoid is underestimating the potential for explosion when dealing with black powder. Incident Command System (ICS) positions should be aware of the substance's properties and the need for prompt isolation and evacuation. Mutual aid criteria should include the availability of bomb disposal expertise and appropriate PPE.

Regulatory context: Black powder, compressed, is classified as a DOT Class 1 material due to its explosive properties. While specific OSHA PEL or TLV values are not provided, it is essential to follow all relevant regulations and guidelines for handling and responding to incidents involving this substance. Black powder is not specifically noted as being on the CERCLA list, but responders should be aware of all potential environmental and health hazards.

Storage & handling: Black powder, compressed, should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers or ignition sources. The substance should be kept in tightly closed containers to prevent moisture absorption, which can affect its properties. Ventilation standards should be followed to prevent the accumulation of vapors or dust.