Fighting Forest Fires: Operational Overview

Forest fires present unique challenges that differ significantly from structural firefighting. Crews must adapt their tactics to the terrain, weather conditions, and fuel types to contain and suppress these incidents effectively. This article outlines key operational actions firefighters take when engaging a forest fire and highlights critical considerations to maintain safety and efficiency.

Initial Attack and Fireline Construction

Upon arrival, the crew conducts a size-up to assess fire behavior, spread potential, and access routes. Establishing containment lines is the primary objective, often using hand tools such as Pulaskis, shovels, and chainsaws to create firebreaks by removing vegetation and combustible material. These firelines help stop the fire's advance by eliminating fuel in its path. Coordinating with apparatus for water application or aerial support, when available, enhances the suppression effort. Maintaining situational awareness of wind shifts and spotting is essential to adjust tactics promptly.

Safety and Crew Coordination

Wildland firefighting requires strict adherence to PPE standards, including fire-resistant clothing, helmets, gloves, and eye protection. SCBA use is generally limited due to the open environment, but respiratory protection may be necessary in heavy smoke conditions. Crew communication is vital for tracking fire progression and ensuring accountability. Incident command systems organize resources and establish safety zones and escape routes. Understanding fire behavior, such as spotting and flare-ups, informs decision-making and helps prevent entrapment. These operational principles are critical for effective forest fire suppression and firefighter safety.